Individualized Binaural Technology.
Bruno Sanches Masiero
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Bruno Sanches Masiero, Individualized Binaural Technology. (2012), Logos Verlag, Berlin, ISBN: 9783832596583
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Beschreibung / Abstract
In this work the importance of individualization in binaural technique is investigated. The results extend the present knowledge on the efficient measurement of individual head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) and highlight the importance of individual equalization filters in binaural reproduction, using both loudspeakers and headphones. Moreover, an integrated framework for the calculation of such equalization filters is presented.
An innovative measurement setup was developed to allow the fast acquisition of individual HRTFs. The hardware was designed to be compatible with the range extrapolation technique. An individual HRTF dataset with 4000 directions can be measured in less than 6 minutes with this new setup.
A framework was presented that integrates causality constraints to the regularized frequency domain calculation of crosstalk cancellation (CTC) filters. This framework also addresses the switching of active loudspeakers applying a weighted filter calculation method. A sound localization test showed that individualized CTC systems provide performance similar to that of binaural listening while nonindividualized CTC systems provide a significantly lower localization performance.
Finally, a robust individual headphone equalization method was proposed. Perceptual tests showed that, in all but one of the tested situations, no audible differences between the original sound source and its binaural auditory display could be perceived.
An innovative measurement setup was developed to allow the fast acquisition of individual HRTFs. The hardware was designed to be compatible with the range extrapolation technique. An individual HRTF dataset with 4000 directions can be measured in less than 6 minutes with this new setup.
A framework was presented that integrates causality constraints to the regularized frequency domain calculation of crosstalk cancellation (CTC) filters. This framework also addresses the switching of active loudspeakers applying a weighted filter calculation method. A sound localization test showed that individualized CTC systems provide performance similar to that of binaural listening while nonindividualized CTC systems provide a significantly lower localization performance.
Finally, a robust individual headphone equalization method was proposed. Perceptual tests showed that, in all but one of the tested situations, no audible differences between the original sound source and its binaural auditory display could be perceived.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- BEGINN
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Objectives
- 1.2 Organization
- 2 Fundamental Concepts
- 2.1 Digital Signal Processing
- 2.2 Inverse Problems
- 2.3 Acoustic Measurement
- 2.4 Directional Hearing
- 3 Measurement of Individual Head-Related Transfer Function
- 3.1 Hardware Design
- 3.2 Excitation Signal
- 3.3 Post-Processing
- 3.4 Results
- 3.5 Discussion
- 4 Binaural Reproduction using Headphones
- 4.1 Headphone Type
- 4.2 Variability of Headphone Fitting
- 4.3 Robust Individual Equalization
- 4.4 Results
- 4.5 Discussion
- 5 Binaural Reproduction using Loudspeakers
- 5.1 CTC Reproduction System
- 5.2 Channel Separation
- 5.3 Filter Design
- 5.4 Weighting
- 5.5 Discussion
- 6 Perceptual Evaluation
- 6.1 Experiment I: Authenticity of Binaural Reproduction via Individually Equalized Headphones
- 6.2 Experiment II: Localization Performance with Individualized and Nonindividualized CTC Systems
- 7 Conclusion
- 7.1 Summary
- 7.2 Outlook
- A Regularization as a Gain Limiter
- B Least-Square Minimization
- B.1 Regularized Least-Square Minimization
- B.2 Weighted Regularized Least-Square Minimization
- List of References
- Acknowledgments